London's historic pubs are living museums where you can sip a pint surrounded by centuries of history. These characterful establishments have served everyone from literary giants to royal rogues, from medieval travelers to modern tourists seeking an authentic taste of British culture. More than mere drinking establishments, London's old pubs are repositories of stories, architectural treasures, and social institutions that have shaped the city's identity. Join us on a journey through the capital's most storied taverns, alehouses, and public houses, where the past is always present, and history flows as freely as the beer.
The Medieval Survivors
Despite centuries of change, fire, war, and development, a handful of London pubs can trace their origins back to medieval times, offering a rare glimpse into the capital's distant past.
Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese (Fleet Street)
Tucked away down a narrow alley off Fleet Street, Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese has been serving drinks since at least 1538. The current building was rebuilt shortly after the Great Fire of London in 1666, making it one of the oldest pubs in the city.
Step through its modest entrance and you'll find a warren of small rooms spread across multiple floors, connected by narrow staircases and corridors. Low, wooden-beamed ceilings, uneven floors, and open fireplaces create an atmosphere that has changed little over the centuries.
The pub's literary connections are particularly noteworthy. Regular patrons included Charles Dickens (who mentioned it in 'A Tale of Two Cities'), Mark Twain, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, and Samuel Johnson, whose house is just around the corner. The dark, oak-paneled dining room on the ground floor still features a chair reputedly used by Dr. Johnson himself.
Don't miss the vaulted cellars, which date back to the 13th century when the site was a Carmelite monastery, or the traditional British dishes served in generous portions, particularly the steak and kidney pudding that's been made to the same recipe for 100 years.
Visitor Tip
Visit Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese in winter when the open fires are lit, creating the perfect atmospheric backdrop for enjoying a historic London ale house. The pub can be tricky to find - look for the narrow passage called Wine Office Court off Fleet Street.
The Prospect of Whitby (Wapping)
Claiming to be London's oldest riverside pub, The Prospect of Whitby was established in 1520 and was originally known as 'The Devil's Tavern' due to its reputation as a meeting place for smugglers, pirates, and thieves. Standing on the banks of the Thames in Wapping, this atmospheric pub offers spectacular views of the river from its rear terrace.
The original 400-year-old stone floor remains intact, while the pewter-topped bar is believed to be the longest continuously serving bar in London. Look out for the noose hanging from the riverside balcony, a grim reminder that this was once the favored drinking spot of 'Hanging' Judge Jeffreys, who would watch condemned men hang at Execution Dock nearby.
Despite its macabre associations, the pub today offers a warm welcome and excellent food in a setting that has attracted notable visitors ranging from Charles Dickens and Samuel Pepys to more recent patrons like Princess Margaret and Richard Burton. The maritime memorabilia decorating the walls reflects the pub's long association with river trade and seafaring.
Ye Olde Mitre (Holborn)
Hidden away in an alley so narrow and inconspicuous that even long-time Londoners might walk past without noticing, Ye Olde Mitre is a time capsule dating back to 1546. Originally built for the servants of the Bishop of Ely, whose London residence was next door, this tiny pub has a cherry tree in its front room that Queen Elizabeth I allegedly danced around with Sir Christopher Hatton.
The pub's curious historical quirk is that it technically stood in Cambridgeshire until the 1970s, as it was part of the Bishop of Ely's land grant. This jurisdictional oddity meant that London watchmen had no authority to enter - making it a perfect hideout for those evading the law.
Today, the pub's Tudor beams, historical portraits, and antique clocks create a museum-like atmosphere, enhanced by the lack of modern intrusions like TV screens or music. The excellent selection of real ales from across Britain has earned it multiple CAMRA (Campaign for Real Ale) awards.
"The pub is the only place in which you can study the British character in its native habitat. In their natural state, the British are not given to effusive expressions of emotion... But once inside the pub, the frozen mask melts, animation creeps into the features, the eyes brighten, the whole physiology becomes confident, responsive, expressive." — Kate Fox, anthropologist and author of "Watching the English"
Literary Landmarks
London's historic relationship with literature is reflected in its many pubs that have served as meeting places, workspaces, and inspiration for some of the greatest writers in the English language.
The George Inn (Borough)
The last remaining galleried coaching inn in London, The George Inn dates back to the medieval period, though the current structure was rebuilt in 1677 after a fire. Its galleries, once used to watch theatrical performances in the courtyard below, are now the perfect spot to enjoy a drink while imagining the inn in its coaching heyday when it served travelers arriving in London from the south.
Charles Dickens was a regular patron and mentioned The George in 'Little Dorrit'. It's believed that Shakespeare would have known the original inn well, as it stood near the Globe Theatre. Now owned by the National Trust but operated as a working pub, The George combines historical significance with the buzz of a popular Borough Market venue.
The oak beams, uneven floors, and multiple small rooms retain their historic character, while the large courtyard provides ample outdoor seating - a rarity for central London pubs. Don't miss the chance to enjoy a traditional Sunday roast in winter or a refreshing pint in the courtyard during summer.
The Fitzroy Tavern (Fitzrovia)
While not as ancient as some entries on this list, The Fitzroy Tavern earned its place in London's cultural history as the epicenter of the city's bohemian scene in the 1930s and 40s. This characterful pub gave its name to the surrounding area - Fitzrovia - and was the regular watering hole for artists, writers, and intellectuals including Dylan Thomas, George Orwell, and Augustus John.
After a sensitive restoration in 2015, the pub regained much of its period charm with original features like the mosaic floor, mahogany bar, and etched glass panels. The walls display photographs and memorabilia celebrating its illustrious former patrons and their creative contributions.
The upstairs Writers and Artists Bar pays particular homage to the pub's literary connections, making it a pilgrimage site for fans of mid-20th century literature and the perfect spot to raise a glass to the creative spirits who once argued, laughed, and found inspiration within these walls.
The Spaniards Inn (Hampstead)
Perched on the edge of Hampstead Heath since 1585, The Spaniards Inn has inspired generations of writers with its atmospheric interiors and romantic history. Charles Dickens featured it in 'The Pickwick Papers', while Bram Stoker included the inn in 'Dracula'. Most famously, it appears in John Keats' 'Ode to a Nightingale', which the poet allegedly wrote in the inn's garden after hearing a nightingale sing.
Literary connections aside, the pub boasts fascinating historical associations. Dick Turpin, the notorious highwayman, is said to have used it as a hideout (his father was reportedly a former landlord), and the narrow toll gate next to the pub was once the scene of his daring escapes.
Inside, oak panels, wooden beams, and large fireplaces create a cozy atmosphere perfect for winter visits, while the large beer garden makes it equally appealing in summer. The elevated location offers beautiful views across the Heath, explaining why generations of Londoners have made the journey to this out-of-the-way tavern.
Planning Note
Many historic pubs in London get extremely crowded during peak times (typically 5-9pm on weekdays and weekend afternoons). For a more relaxed experience where you can appreciate the historic atmosphere, visit during weekday lunchtimes or early evenings. Consider booking a table in advance if you plan to have a meal, especially in the most famous establishments.
Royal and Political Connections
London's status as a center of power means many historic pubs have served as backdrops to political machinations, royal indiscretions, and moments of historical significance.
The Star Tavern (Belgravia)
This elegant Georgian pub in upmarket Belgravia was the planning site for one of Britain's most notorious crimes - the Great Train Robbery of 1963. The upstairs room hosted meetings where the robbers plotted their £2.6 million heist (equivalent to about £50 million today).
Beyond its connection to criminal history, The Star has been a favorite drinking spot for aristocrats, diplomats, and celebrities due to its proximity to Buckingham Palace. With its luxurious but welcoming atmosphere, it continues to attract an eclectic clientele ranging from local workers to curious tourists.
The well-preserved Victorian interior features ornate ceilings, etched glass, and a curved bar, while the superb selection of cask ales has earned it CAMRA awards. The pub's hidden mews location in a quiet backstreet adds to its exclusive atmosphere.
Ye Olde Cock Tavern (Fleet Street)
Although the current building dates to the 1880s, a pub has existed on this site since the early 16th century. The original Cock Tavern was famous for hosting literary figures like Alfred Tennyson and Samuel Pepys, who wrote about it in his diary. More intriguingly, it was reportedly a favored spot for secret meetings between Charles II and his mistress Nell Gwynne during the 1670s.
When Fleet Street was widened in the late 19th century, the old pub was demolished and the current narrow building was constructed, incorporating some elements from the original. The result is one of London's skinniest pubs - barely 10 feet wide in places - yet its long, corridor-like interior manages to create a surprisingly spacious environment.
The rich mahogany paneling, brass fittings, and period details evoke the era when Fleet Street was the center of Britain's newspaper industry, and journalists would gather here to exchange gossip, stories, and political intrigue.
The Red Lion (Westminster)
Located between Downing Street and the Houses of Parliament, The Red Lion has been the unofficial local pub for politicians and parliamentary staff for centuries. Prime Ministers including Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee, and Harold Wilson have all enjoyed drinks here, and it remains a popular spot for spotting political figures unwinding after heated debates.
The Victorian interior features ornate ceilings, etched mirrors, and elaborate tilework, creating an atmosphere of grandeur that befits its prestigious clientele. The walls display political cartoons and memorabilia reflecting its close association with British political life.
Thanks to parliamentary privilege, the pub was historically exempt from normal licensing laws, allowing MPs to drink when other London pubs were closed - a tradition that created many colorful anecdotes of late-night political discussions and cross-party socializing.
Architectural Gems
Beyond their historical associations, many of London's old pubs are worth visiting purely for their architectural merit and preserved interiors that showcase the evolution of pub design over the centuries.
The Black Friar (Blackfriars)
Built in 1875 on the site of a Dominican friary, The Black Friar is a masterpiece of Art Nouveau design and arguably London's most visually stunning pub interior. Following a campaign by poet Sir John Betjeman, the building was saved from demolition in the 1960s and remains one of the city's architectural treasures.
The wedge-shaped exterior gives way to an extraordinary interior designed by sculptor Henry Poole. Copper reliefs, colorful mosaics, marble, and inlaid wood depict jolly friars engaging in various activities - eating, drinking, and generally making merry. The cryptic Latin inscriptions add another layer of interest for the curious visitor.
The main bar area features a spectacular arched ceiling, while the former dining room at the back showcases even more elaborate décor. Beyond its visual appeal, The Black Friar offers excellent real ales and quality pub food in a truly unique setting.
The Princess Louise (Holborn)
A spectacular example of Victorian pub architecture, The Princess Louise features one of the best-preserved "gin palace" interiors in London. The 1891 design includes ornate tilework, etched mirrors, mahogany paneling, and the pub's most distinctive feature - a series of individual drinking compartments separated by etched glass screens.
These compartments (or "snugs") were originally designed to accommodate different social classes and types of customers, from gentlemen to workers, allowing them to drink without mixing - a physical manifestation of Victorian social stratification. Today, they create intimate spaces perfect for small group conversations.
The horseshoe-shaped central bar serves all compartments, while the spectacular glass ceiling allows natural light to illuminate the colorful tiles and polished brass fittings. A sympathetic restoration in 2007 returned many original features to their former glory, creating a truly immersive Victorian experience.
The Viaduct Tavern (City of London)
Named after the nearby Holborn Viaduct (completed in 1869), this Victorian gin palace represents the lavish pub design that flourished during London's 19th-century expansion. The elaborate exterior with its large windows and decorative elements leads to an even more impressive interior featuring original etched glass, ornate ceilings, and mahogany partitions.
The pub's most intriguing feature lies beneath: cellars that once formed part of Newgate Prison's cells, complete with iron bars and thick stone walls. These cells, accessible on guided tours arranged with the landlord, provide a chilling glimpse into London's penal history.
As one of the best-preserved examples of late 19th-century pub design, The Viaduct Tavern combines architectural splendor with historical intrigue, made all the more remarkable by its survival of both the Blitz and post-war redevelopment that changed much of the surrounding area.
Hidden Histories and Curious Tales
Many London pubs harbor unusual histories, strange traditions, or curious anecdotes that add to their charm and provide talking points over a well-earned pint.
The Lamb and Flag (Covent Garden)
Tucked away in a small passageway off Covent Garden, The Lamb and Flag has been serving drinks since at least 1772 and possibly much earlier. The pub gained notoriety in the early 19th century when it hosted bare-knuckle prize fights, earning it the nickname "The Bucket of Blood."
Its most famous literary connection is with the poet John Dryden, who in 1679 was beaten by thugs allegedly hired by the Earl of Rochester in the alley beside the pub. This incident is commemorated by a plaque, and the upstairs room is named after the unfortunate poet.
Despite its violent past, the pub today offers a warm, traditional atmosphere with its wooden floors, low beams, and collection of historical paintings and prints. The small front bar retains much of its 18th-century character, while the rear dining area provides a more spacious environment.
The Grenadier (Belgravia)
Hidden down a Belgravia mews, The Grenadier was originally the officers' mess for the Foot Guards regiment and became a public house in 1818. Its military heritage is reflected in the memorabilia decorating the walls, including regimental insignia, uniforms, and historic photographs.
The pub is most famous for its resident ghost - a young guardsman named Cedric who was caught cheating at cards and beaten to death by his comrades as punishment. Visitors attach money to the ceiling in an attempt to pay off Cedric's debt and release his spirit, creating a unique decorative feature of currency from around the world.
Beyond its supernatural associations, The Grenadier is renowned for its traditional British food and well-kept ales served in a setting that combines military precision with historic charm. The distinctive red and blue exterior makes it slightly easier to find among Belgravia's maze-like streets.
The Mayflower (Rotherhithe)
Dating from 1550 and rebuilt in 1780, The Mayflower sits on the exact spot from which the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for America in 1620. The pub's riverside terrace actually overhangs the Thames, providing views of the water that have changed dramatically yet remained essentially the same over centuries.
As the only pub licensed to sell American and British postage stamps (a nod to its transatlantic connections), The Mayflower maintains a visitor book where Americans can record their family links to the original Mayflower passengers. The dark wood interior, candlelit tables, and nautical memorabilia create an atmosphere that evokes the age of exploration.
At high tide, water slaps beneath the deck just as it would have done when the Pilgrims embarked on their historic journey, creating a tangible connection to a pivotal moment in American history in this quintessentially English setting.
A Practical Guide to London's Historic Pubs
Pub Etiquette
While London pubs are generally relaxed environments, a few traditional customs are worth knowing:
- Ordering: In most traditional pubs, you order and pay at the bar rather than waiting for table service. Find a space at the bar, catch the bartender's eye, and place your order.
- Tipping: Unlike in restaurants, tipping isn't expected for drinks at the bar. For exceptional service or if you're ordering food, you might say "and have one yourself" when paying, which means the bartender can add a drink of their choice (usually the price of a half-pint) to your bill.
- Reservations: Many historic pubs operate on a first-come, first-served basis for drinkers, though tables for dining might be reservable. In busy pubs, be prepared to stand or share a table with others.
- Last Orders: Despite changes to licensing laws, many pubs still call "last orders" about 20-30 minutes before closing time, giving you a chance to order a final drink before the bar closes.
What to Drink
To fully embrace the historic pub experience, consider trying:
- Real Ale: Also known as cask ale, this traditional British beer is served from hand-pulled pumps and varies from light, hoppy bitters to rich, dark milds and porters.
- London Pride: Fuller's London Pride is a classic London ale with a rich heritage that dates back to the 1950s.
- Porter: This dark beer style originated in London in the 18th century, named after the market porters who particularly favored it.
- Gin: Given London's historic relationship with gin (particularly during the notorious "Gin Craze" of the 18th century), a gin and tonic in a Victorian gin palace offers a fitting historical connection.
Planning Your Historic Pub Tour
London's historic pubs are scattered across the city, but several areas offer concentrations that make for excellent walking tours:
- The City: London's financial district empties of office workers on weekends, making it an ideal time to explore pubs like Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, The Viaduct Tavern, and The Old Bank of England without crowds.
- Southwark/Borough: The area around Borough Market includes several historic taverns including The George Inn, The Market Porter, and The Anchor, all within easy walking distance.
- Covent Garden/Strand: This central area offers gems like The Lamb and Flag, Ye Olde Cock Tavern, and The Coal Hole, interspersed with theatrical landmarks and shopping opportunities.
Tour Tip
Consider joining a specialized historic pub tour led by knowledgeable guides who can provide context and stories that might not be evident from just visiting. Several companies offer themed tours focusing on literary pubs, haunted taverns, or the historic watering holes of specific London neighborhoods.
Final Thoughts
London's historic pubs offer far more than just a place to enjoy a drink. They are living museums where centuries of history are etched into the walls, floors, and fabric of buildings that have witnessed the evolution of a great city. From medieval taverns to Victorian gin palaces, each tells a unique story about London's social, cultural, and architectural heritage.
In an age of global homogenization, these characterful establishments provide authentic experiences that connect visitors with traditions stretching back hundreds of years. The simple act of ordering a pint at a bar where Shakespeare, Dickens, or Churchill once stood creates a tangible link with the past that few other tourist experiences can match.
Whether you're a history enthusiast, an architecture lover, a literary pilgrim, or simply someone who appreciates a well-kept pint in atmospheric surroundings, London's historic pubs deserve a prominent place on any visitor's itinerary. Each one offers a different facet of the city's rich and complex story, best appreciated one sip at a time.
